2 Methodology
The methodology used to estimate the indicators is described below.
2.1 Demography and Migration
Population
- Population by Age Range
It is calculated as the percentage of the population at a specific age out of the total population. In this context, the sum of the percentages of all age groups represented in the population pyramid should equal 100 percent.
The age ranges defined to calculate these indicators are as follows: 0 to 15 years, 16 to 30 years, 31 to 45 years, 46 to 60 years, 61 to 75 years, and 76 years or more.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Migrants
- Migrants as a percentage of the total population
It is calculated as the percentage of migrants out of the total population residing in the country.
An individual is considered a migrant if they report being born in a country different from where the survey is conducted.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Latin American Migrant
It is calculated as the percentage of migrants from one of the 26 IDB countries of LAC out of the total migrant population.
An individual is considered a migrant if they report being born in a country other than the one in which the survey is conducted.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Migrants residing in the country for more than five years
It is calculated as the percentage of migrants who have resided in the country where the survey was conducted for more than five years out of the total migrant population.
An individual is considered a migrant if they report being born in a country other than the one in which the survey is conducted.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Diversity
- Indigenous population
It is calculated as the number of people who self-identify as Indigenous according to the national ranking of the total population.
Learn more about how diversity information is obtained: see Recommendation on Diversity Data in the Social
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Afro-descendant population
It is calculated as the number of people who self-identify as Afro-descendant according to the national classification of the total population.
Learn more about how diversity information is obtained: see Recommendation on Diversity Data in the Social
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Population with disabilities
It is calculated as the number of people who report having at least some difficulty with activities based on the domains of the Washington Group’s questions on the total population.
The questions of the Washington Group are one of the most widely accepted methods of measuring disability in national surveys, as they focus on people who have difficulty performing daily activities, such as walking, seeing, or remembering. The conceptualization of the questions used to identify the population with disabilities is based on the model of the World Health Organization’s International Classification of Functioninf, Disability and Health (ICF).
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
2.2 Housing
Household characteristics
- Percentage of female-headed households
It is calculated as the percentage of households in which a woman is identified as the head of the household by the survey informant out of the total number of households in the country.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Dependency ratio
It is defined as the number of people under the age of 15 plus the number of people over 65 compared to the working-age population (between the ages of 15 and 64).
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
- Average number of household members
Also known as household size, it is calculated by determining the number of members per household and then computing the average.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Access to basic services
- Percentage of households with access to basic services
It is calculated by determining the percentage of households reporting access to basic services and dividing this by the total number of households. Access is calculated individually for each service, considering the specific characteristics of each one:
Electricity: Access is identified when households report that the primary lighting source is public or private.
Aqueduct water: Access is defined as households reporting that the primary water source for consumption is the public distribution network.
Sanitation: According to the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), improved sanitation prevents human contact with excreta hygienically. The most common enhanced sanitation facilities include sewer connections, septic tanks, improved and ventilated pit latrines, and flagstone latrines. This classification is made according to the UNICEF Joint Monitoring Program (JMP) For Supply and Sanitation (2017).
Internet: The household reports having access to a local internet connection.
Cell Phone: Access is defined as at least one person in the household having cell phone service.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
2.3 Poverty and inequality
Population by Income Level
Extreme poverty (PPP 2011): Percentage of the population living in households with income per capita below the international poverty line of $3.1 per person per day adjusted to 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Moderate poverty (PPP 2011): Percentage of the population living in households with income per capita between $3.1 and $5.0 per person per day adjusted to 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Vulnerable (PPP 2011): Percentage of the population living in households with income per capita between $5.0 and $12.4 per person per day adjusted to 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Middle Class (PPP 2011): Percentage of population living in households with income per capita between $12.4 and $62.0 per person per day adjusted to 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
High Income (PPP 2011): Percentage of the population living in households with income per capita greater than $62.0 per person per day adjusted to 2011 Purchasing Power Parity (PPP).
Population by income level (number of people): This is calculated by multiplying the income level rate mentioned above by the total population.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Inequality
Gini coefficient: The Gini coefficient of per capita household income is a measure of inequality that compares the real income distribution to a perfectly equitable distribution. It is based on the Lorenz curve, which shows the percentage accumulation of total revenue relative to the cumulative number of recipients. The Gini coefficient represents the area between the Lorenz curve and the hypothetical equality line—the values of the coefficient range from 0 (complete equality) to 1 (total inequality).
Dispersion ratio between deciles
The decile dispersion ratio is a measure of inequality that represents the per capita income of the wealthiest households as a multiple of the income of the poorest. The distribution of per capita household income is referenced to calculate the ratios, and the 90th, 50th, and 10th percentiles are obtained considering the sample weights.
Income ratio of the wealthiest decile to the poorest decile: This represents how much higher the per capita household income is for the 90th percentile compared to the 10th percentile. To obtain it, the per capita income of the household in the 90th percentile is divided by the income in the 10th percentile.
Ratio of median income to poorest decile: This represents how much higher the per capita household income of the 50th percentile is than the income of the household in the 10th percentile. To obtain it, the per capita income of the household in the 50th percentile is divided by the income in the 10th percentile.
Richest to median income ratio: This represents how much the per capita household income of the household is in the 90th percentile compared to the 50th percentile. To obtain this, the per capita income of the household in the 90th percentile is divided by those in the 50th percentile.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
2.4 Education
Attendance indicators
- Net attendace rate
\[ Net\ Attendace\ Rate_i = \frac{Number\ of\ students\ in\ age\ group\ x\ of\ level\ i}{number\ of\ people\ in\ age\ group\ x}x 100 \] where \(i\) is the level of education and \(X\) is the official age group for a given level of education.
Total of students attending the school of the official age group for a given level as a percentage of the total population in that age range (Unesco). The official ages for each country were calculated based on the age of entry and duration of each educational level, as established by the UNESCO International Standard Classification of Education (ISCED 2011).
Primary: The standard age range is between 6 and 11 years old. There are some exceptions by country. The age range in Colombia and Brazil is between 6 and 10 years old; in Barbados, it is between 5 and 10 years old; and in Trinidad and Tobago, it is between 6 and 12 years old.
Secondary: The standard age range is between 12 and 17 years old. There are some exceptions by country. The age range in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, and Venezuela is between 12 and 16 years old. In Barbados, it is between 11 and 15 years old; in Colombia, between 11 and 16 years old; in Brazil, between 11 and 17 years old; in Haiti and Suriname, between 12 and 18 years old; and in Trinidad and Tobago, between 13 and 18 years old.
Superior: The standard age range is between 18 and 23 years old. There are some exceptions by country. The age range in Costa Rica, Guatemala, Guyana, Jamaica, Nicaragua, Peru, Venezuela, and Colombia is between 17 and 23 years old. In Haiti, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago, it is between 19 and 23 years old, and in Barbados, it is between 16 and 23 years old.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Completion indicators
- School Completion Rate
The percentage of people who have completed primary or secondary education and are 3 to 5 years older than the theoretical age for entry into the final year of that level (depending on the country) divided by the total population of that age group.
In primary education: Percentage of children and young people 3 to 5 years older than the theoretical age to finish primary school (according to the country) who have completed that level.
In secondary education: Percentage of young people 3 to 5 years older than the theoretical age to finish secondary school (according to the country) who have completed that level.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Indicators of school leaving
- Early school leaving rate
Number of people aged 18-24 who have not completed secondary education and do not attend any educational institution among the total number of people in that age range.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Indicators of young people not in work or education
- Percentage of young people aged 15-24 who are “Not in Education, Employment, or Training” (NEETs)
Number of people aged 15-24 who are unemployed or inactive (as defined by the International Labor Organization) and do not attend any educational institution out of the total number of people in that age range.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Educational indicators of the adult population
- Percentage of adult population by years of education
The percentage of the population aged 25 or above with different levels of education. The categories are as follows: no schooling completed, 1-5 years of education completed, 6 years of schooling completed, 7-11 years of education completed, 12 years of education completed, or 13 years or more of schooling completed. The sum of these categories is equal to 100%.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
2.5.1 Social Security
Percentage resulting from dividing the total number of employed people who contribute to social security pensions for their work by the total employed population. Affiliates are used if contributors are not available in the survey.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys
Percentage resulting from dividing the number of self-employed workers by the total number of employed workers. Self-employed workers work in companies or practice independently and do not hire employees.
Data source: IDB’s Harmonized Household Surveys